The hierarchical model was the only neutral model able to represent simultaneously the variabilities of three patterns having implications in ecological processes: polyline lengths, sinuosities and polygon areas. Its structural realism was tested against other common neutral models using the pattern-oriented modelling approach. Then we constructed the hierarchical model and we tested it on a real territory in the Mediterranean zone. We first isolated the hierarchical levels of the landscape and analyzed their relative deformations. We proposed a hierarchical model based on successive imbrication of deformed networks, with the deformation being realized on the basis of a reverse Douglas–Peucker algorithm. Furthermore, the sinuosities of the linear elements in territories have rarely been considered per se. However, simulating largest territories in neutral models requires consideration of supplementary elements, such as road networks. A large amount of research on landscape matrix simulation has been conducted using neutral models, but the efforts have been limited to 1 km 2 and have been principally devoted to field borders. The geometrical properties of these elements could affect flows of water bodies, fauna, and flora. This matrix is partly composed of linear elements, such as roads and field borders, that delimit land uses and are the result of socio-economic drivers. A landscape matrix is the support of biotic and abiotic flows, and in that sense, requires increased interest from ecological modellers.
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